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Secondo Apollonio Rodio, il luogo dove sbarcarono gli Argonauti di Giasone, poich\u00e9 stavano cercando Circe, si chiamava Porto Argo (Arg\u00f2os lim\u00e8n<\/em>, \u1f08\u03c1\u03b3\u1ff3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd; da arg\u00f2s, \u00abbianco\u00bb, in riferimento alle locali scogliere e spiagge di aplite tormalinifera biancastra) ed \u00e8 oggi localizzato presso la spiaggia delle Ghiaie<\/strong>. Nell’area si trovano i resti di due ville marittime romane (villa delle Grotte e villa della Linguella) che testimoniano un’assidua frequentazione in et\u00e0 imperiale. Secondo una tradizione letteraria del XVIII secolo, peraltro non attestata da alcun riferimento storico e documentale, in et\u00e0 romana il sito si sarebbe chiamato Fabricia – da cui Borghi Fabbricii<\/em> – in riferimento alle antiche lavorazioni siderurgiche presenti nella zona. Gi\u00e0 dal XVIII secolo furono rinvenute tracce di un insediamento romano presso l’attuale centro storico di Portoferraio; murature in opus reticulatum e opus sectile, lastre di piombo, denarii e tracce di almeno due piccole necropoli collocate presso i Mulini e gli Altesi.<\/p>\n

Il toponimo Ferraia o Ferraria \u00e8 documentato a partire dal 1278 e trae origine dalle attivit\u00e0 siderurgiche presenti nell’area sin da epoca etrusco-romana. Il circondario di Ferraia (il cui comune \u00e8 documentato dal 1289) fu pesantemente colpito nel 1544 dalla flotta di Khayr al-Din Barbarossa<\/em>, con la distruzione del vicino fortilizio di Montemarsale e della pieve medievale dei Santi Giovanni e Silvestro. Successivamente, il distretto di Ferraia fu ceduto dagli Appiano per ordine dell’imperatore Carlo V ai Medici nel 1547. In cartografie del XVI secolo si registra una mutazione del nome in Ferraio<\/strong><\/p>\n

Portoferraio fu rifondata per volere di Cosimo I granduca di Toscana nel 1548, affidando all’architetto Giovanni Camerini la progettazione di una citt\u00e0 fortificata simbolicamente chiamata Cosmopoli<\/strong> (“citt\u00e0 di Cosimo”) concepita come presidio militare con lo scopo di difendere le coste toscane nonch\u00e9 come sede dei Cavalieri di Santo Stefano e che nel 1583 venne cos\u00ec descritta da Giovan Battista Adriani: \u00abIl poggio pi\u00f9 elevato, che signoreggia e scuopre tutto il porto, fu chiamato il Falcone: l’altro men rilevato dalla forma della fortezza secondo la qualit\u00e0 del sito hebbe nome la Stella, spargendo le sue fortificazioni qua e l\u00e0 a guisa di razzi. Parimente fermarono un bastione sopra la bocca del porto, il quale fu chiamato dalla forma Linguella.\u00bb L’epigrafe marmorea che il granduca fece apporre sulla cosiddetta Porta a Mare, l’ingresso principale del porto, descrive infatti la fondazione della nuova citt\u00e0: \u00abTempla, moenia, domus, arces, portum Cosmus florentinorum dux a fundamentis erexit a. D. MDXXXXVIII\u00bb.<\/em>
\nLa prima fotografia scattata all’isola d’Elba (1855 circa), raffigurante la gendarmeria del granduca Leopoldo II a Portoferraio<\/p>\n

La citt\u00e0, exclave toscana nel Principato di Piombino, all’inizio era poco pi\u00f9 che un insieme di fortificazioni (ancora tutt’oggi visitabili e ben conservate), come i tre forti: Forte Stella, Forte Falcone e la Linguella (mentre Forte Inglese fu realizzato successivamente per rinforzare la cittadina in vista dell’assedio della flotta britannica) e la bellissima cinta muraria, i cui resti, tuttora in buono stato e resi abitabili, circondano il centro storico di Portoferraio. Ancora oggi \u00e8 in gran parte visibile l’imponente cortina di bastioni che dalla rada si eleva fino al Forte del Falcone (Bastione della Cornacchia a difesa dell’antica Porta a Terra, Bastione delle Palle di sotto che dalla Porta degli Altesi dava accesso al superiore Bastione delle Palle di sopra, Cortina degli Altesi, Bastione del Veneziano, Opera del Raggione, Opera del Cavaliere, Tanaglia sotto il Falcone, Opera nuova, Opera di Santa Fine, Batteria degli Spagnoli di fronte alla spiaggia delle Ghiaie). Nel 1694, ad opera del governatore Mario Tornaquinci, fu realizzato il cosiddetto Ponticello, una struttura – poi demolita nel gennaio 1925 – sul fossato artificiale che separava la citt\u00e0 fortificata dal resto dell’isola. Nell’anno 1700 furono lastricate le vie del centro storico, per volere del governatore Benedetto Guerrini, con bozze irregolari di calcare compatto rosato estratto nelle cave marittime di Punta Pina e Punta degli Scalpellini, i due promontori che chiudono la vicina insenatura di Bagnaia. Tale caratteristica, nel passato, ha suggerito l’epiteto di \u00abCitt\u00e0 rosa\u00bb dato a Portoferraio<\/p>\n

La citt\u00e0 rimase sotto il controllo del Granducato di Toscana fino al XVIII secolo quando l’isola, per la sua posizione strategica, fu al centro di una guerra tra Francia, Austria e Inghilterra. Con un decreto del 1702, il governatore Alessandro Del Nero istitu\u00ec la realizzazione di un ghetto presso il Forte Stella, nella strada che poi prese il nome di via degli Ebrei. Nell’aprile 1814, con il Trattato di Fontainebleau, l’isola fu affidata a Napoleone Bonaparte come sede del suo primo esilio. Napoleone scelse Portoferraio come capoluogo dell’isola; nella citt\u00e0 sono ancora presenti e visitabili le due ville che furono sua residenza, quella di San Martino e la Villa dei Mulini. Fu grazie al regno dell’imperatore francese, seppur breve (1814-1815), che Portoferraio crebbe in importanza e modernit\u00e0 in maniera esponenziale, come tutta l’isola del resto, grazie alle infrastrutture create e alla valorizzazione delle miniere di ferro di Rio Marina. In questo periodo Portoferraio divenne il porto adibito al trasporto del ferro dalle miniere elbane al continente, e da ci\u00f2 deriva il nome attuale.<\/p>\n

[Fonte: Wikipedia]<\/em><\/p>\n","modified":"2021-05-31T15:04:28","noDetails":false,"noInteraction":false,"osmid":"","zindex":"","imageGallery":[{"src":"https:\/\/selfguided-toscana.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IMG_20190811_170003-1024x768.jpg","id":3126,"caption":"Portoferraio2"},{"src":"https:\/\/selfguided-toscana.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IMG_20190811_170832-e1566214065976-1024x341.jpg","id":3124,"caption":"Portoferraio"},{"src":"https:\/\/selfguided-toscana.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IMG_20190811_151829-1024x633.jpg","id":3128,"caption":"Portoferraio -Le Viste"}],"image":"https:\/\/selfguided-toscana.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IMG_20190811_170832-e1566214065976-1024x341.jpg","taxonomy":{"activity":[194,144]},"accessibility":{"mobility":{"check":false,"description":""},"hearing":{"check":false,"description":""},"vision":{"check":false,"description":""},"cognitive":{"check":false,"description":""},"food":{"check":false,"description":""}},"reachability":{"by_bike":{"check":false,"description":""},"on_foot":{"check":false,"description":""},"by_car":{"check":false,"description":""},"by_public_transportation":{"check":false,"description":""}},"locale":"it","source":"https:\/\/selfguided-toscana.it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/track\/3117","wp_edit":"http:\/\/selfguided-toscana.it\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=3117&action=edit","translations":{"en":{"id":5379,"name":"Portoferraio on foot","web":"https:\/\/selfguided-toscana.it\/\/portoferraio-on-foot\/?lang=en","source":"https:\/\/selfguided-toscana.it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/track\/5379","description":"

It is the island’s largest city. Because of its terrain, many of its buildings are situated on the slopes of a tiny hill bordered on three sides by the sea.<\/p>\n

It was founded by Cosimo I de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, in 1548, with the name of Cosmopoli (“Cosimo’s City”), to balance the presence of the Spanish citadel in Porto Azzurro. It had three forts (Forte Stella, Forte Falcone and Forte Inglese) and a massive line of walls, all still visible today.<\/p>\n

The name evolved from Ferraia with etruscan, Fabricia with Romans and Ferraio with Grand Duchy of Tuscany.<\/p>\n

The city remained attached to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until the late 18th century, when, due to its strategic position, it was contended by France, Great Britain, and Austria. A British garrison withstood the Siege of Porto Ferrajo in 1801, but the 1802 Treaty of Amiens transferred the town to France. In 1814 it was handed over to Napoleon Bonaparte, as the seat of his first exile. In the 19th century, the city grew quickly, due to the construction of infrastructures and the exploitation of new iron mills in Rio Marina. Portoferraio then became the main shipping port of the ore towards the mainland, whence the current name, meaning “Iron Port” in Italian. After the end of the Napoleonic Era, Portoferraio returned to Tuscany, and became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860. Here brigand Carmine Crocco was imprisoned until his death for his revolution against the reign of Victor Emmanuel II and the anarchist Giovanni Passannante who attempted to kill king Umberto I.<\/p>\n

During World War II, Portoferraio became the scene of battle when Elba was occupied by German forces. In late June 1944, an Allied force composed mainly of Free French troops liberated the island in a fight which lasted two days. Portoferraio was taken by French troops on 18 June, but was damaged by the fighting and the bombing raids which preceded the invasion.<\/p>\n

Portoferraio’s economy suffered from the end of mining activities starting from the 1970s, but in the following decades it gained a status as an internationally renowned seaside destination.
\nThe Jewish community<\/p>\n

The first Jews arrived in Portoferraio at the beginning of the 17th century following the publication of the edict of 1556 in which Cosimo I de’ Medici granted special privileges to all those who settled in Cosmopoli. In 1593, Ferdinando I de’ Medici issued letters of patent, called La Livornina, by which more privileges were granted to foreign merchants, Jews in particular, who were willing to settle in the new free ports on Elba and in Leghorn.<\/p>\n

The first synagogue was built in 1631\u20131632 when there were barely over ten Jewish families living on the island. At the beginning of the 18th century the Jewish community numbered more than 50 people.
\nIn 1702, by order of the Grand Duke, the Jews of Portoferraio were required to live on a designated street, Via degli Ebrei or Street of the Hebrews (now called via Elbano Gasperi) which constituted a small ghetto from which they were not allowed to leave after 1 o\u2019clock in the morning. At about this time, Abraham Pardo, son of Isaac, was forbidden from building a new synagogue near the church. He was forced to build it in a garden behind his home, below Fort Stella. All the Jewish rituals were celebrated in the synagogue and were attended by Jews from Piombino, Maremme and the rest of the island of Elba. The ecclesiastical authorities sought to isolate the Jewish community by preventing Christians from having any contact with the Jewish community. There were restrictions on all workers and in particular on wet nurses who had to apply for special dispensations from the Vicar Forane.<\/p>\n

In 1765 authorization was granted to build a wall around a field destined to be used as a Jewish cemetery. The field was situated over the Ponticello ditch, behind Ghiaie beach on the site of the present-day Hotel Villa Ombrosa. The wall with its central door is still visible. Until 1954 there was an inscription on the door which read: Cimitero Israelitico. In 1964 the remaining tombs, about 40 of them, with their inscriptions in Hebrew and Castilian and dating from 1646 to the end of the 19th century, were transferred to the new Jewish cemetery in Livorno. The ground was deconsecrated and sold by the Jewish community to a neighbor. It is now the garden of the villa behind it.
\nThe surrounding wall and the bricked up door of the Jewish cemetery on Via de Gasperi 1.
\nTombs from the Jewish cemetery in Portoferraio, now in Cemetery dei Lupi in Leghorn
\nTomb transferred in 1964 from the Jewish cemetery in Portoferraio to the Cimitero dei Lupi in Leghorn. Translation: Who will find a lady of value? Her value is much higher than pearls! Gravestone of the old, honored and modest lady Dona Ester da Pisa. Her rest be in the Eden. Departed on Monday 5 of the month of Cheshwan of year 5465 (November 5, 1704). May her soul be bound up in the bond of life<\/p>\n

In 1826 the Governor, at the request of the heads of 10 Jewish families, drew up a set of rules for the Jewish community. The rules were approved by the Grand Duke, Leopold II who nominated two massari to represent the community.<\/p>\n

In the second half of the 18th century the Jewish community declined in number due to the worsening of economic conditions on the island. Peace had been signed with the Ottoman Empire resulting in a reduction of military garrisons and the suppression of the \u201ccompagnia urbana\u201d made up of 180 men.<\/p>\n

At the beginning of the 20th century the construction of a steel mill attracted new Jewish families to the island. However, due to the anti-Jewish laws and persecutions, these families left the island. Alfonso Preziosi, in his book, cited above, wrote \u201cgenerally, the Jews found the island of Elba to be an oasis of peace thanks to the privileges granted by the Medici and the Lorraine which allowed them to develop their trade with Eastern ports.\u201d<\/p>\n

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