Ti trovi ad una quota di 2890 metri. I ruderi vedi intorno a te costituivano un sistema di baraccamenti destinati all\u2019alloggio delle truppe italiane, che da una posizione relativamente riparata presidiavano i soprastanti passi di Zebr\u00f9 sud e di Zebr\u00f9 nord. Le lunghe trame di filo spinato che contornano questo presidio militare dicono dell\u2019importanza strategica della difesa dell\u2019Alta Valle di Ced\u00e8c nei suoi due punti di collegamento con l\u2019Alta Val Zebr\u00f9. Questi reticolati, cos\u00ec ampi e quasi intatti, sono oggi testimonianze estremamente difficili da vedere sulla linea dell\u2019ex fronte, in quanto vennero quasi tutti tagliati e portati a valle dai recuperanti che, nei primi anni dopo la guerra, andavano in cerca di materiali ferrosi lasciati dalle vicende belliche per arrotondare i loro magri salari. I pendii e gli avvallamenti presenti su questo versante si caratterizzano per un elevato rischio di valanghe, rischio che chi si muoveva in inverno in queste zone dovette ben considerare, insieme a quello di essere colpito dall\u2019artiglieria nemica.
\nProva ne sono le costruzioni e le postazioni di tiro per fucilieri realizzate con murature a secco tutte in elevato rispetto al terreno, sia perch\u00e9 era particolarmente difficile scavare la roccia o il terreno gelato per realizzare trincee, sia perch\u00e9 per la maggior parte dell\u2019anno la superficie era coperta di neve. Durante l\u2019inverno a queste quote i soldati dovettero infatti affrontare condizioni climatiche estremamente avverse, e temperature che raggiunsero i 40 gradi sottozero.<\/p>\n
Scorrendo le pagine dei diari e delle memorie scritte da chi visse quell\u2019esperienza, si ricava l\u2019impressione che la guerra, pi\u00f9 che contro il nemico, fosse combattuta contro l\u2019imponenza e la severit\u00e0 della natura. Molti resoconti di soldati e ufficiali riportano il valore dimostrato dai combattenti nelle azioni militari, la straordinaria bellezza dei luoghi, ma sono anche frequenti i richiami al freddo patito nelle lunghe e gelide veglie, alla fatica delle estenuanti marce nella neve, alle difficolt\u00e0 di vivere nella ristrettezza di alloggi di fortuna, abbarbicati alle pareti o scavati nella neve, nel ghiaccio o nella roccia.
\nDa entrambe le parti emerge una visione molto simile della vita e della morte al fronte; nell\u2019esperienza della guerra in montagna \u00e8 speculare la sofferenza che quegli uomini patirono nel doversi adattare a condizioni ambientali estreme.<\/p>\n
Scriveva Giuseppe Albani nell\u2019articolo Contro il freddo in montagna, pubblicato nel novembre del 1915 sulla Rivista mensile del Club Alpino Italiano:<\/p>\n
\u201cSi pu\u00f2 senz\u2019altro affermare che l\u2019equipaggiamento delle sentinelle o delle truppe avanzanti in alta montagna d\u2019inverno […] debba essere modellato su quello delle spedizioni polari. La preparazione di questo equipaggiamento nelle sue parti pi\u00f9 importanti sfugge alla potenzialit\u00e0 della piccola industria casalinga famigliare e il materiale e le fogge di tale equipaggiamento devono essere stati oggetto delle nostre previdenti Autorit\u00e0 militari […]. I materiali occorrenti sono due in modo particolare: la lana e la pelliccia. Questa non \u00e8 necessario che sia di lusso; bastano i peli pi\u00f9 umili: gatti, lepri, conigli, topi.\u201d<\/p>\n
Ai soldati italiani impegnati sul fronte della guerra bianca fu poi consegnato un opuscolo intitolato Istruzioni al soldato per combattere i pericoli del freddo. Leggiamo:<\/p>\n
\u201cIndispensabili sono la camicia di flanella di lana (mai di tela!): la maglia di lana da mettere sotto la camicia (in caso di gran freddo giover\u00e0 assai tenere un foglio di carta sul petto e uno sulla schiena, collocati tra camicia e maglia piuttosto che sulla pelle); il berretto di lana detto passamontagna, che copre testa, orecchi e collo, indicato specialmente per chi deve stare lunghe ore fermo al freddo intenso […]. Se dovete rimanere a lungo sulla neve al freddo \u00e8 assolutamente necessario lottare contro il sonno e il gelo, energicamente, col continuo moto, camminando, pestando forte i piedi per terra, sbattendo forte le braccia in croce contro le spalle, anche cantando e parlando (salvo gli ordini speciali in contrario), insomma tenendo in ogni modo svegli lo spirito e il corpo, specialmente quando per qualunque ragione uno rimanesse solo […].
\nChi sta a lungo sulla neve al sole (anche con nebbia) tenga gli occhi riparati dal pericoloso riflesso, servendosi di occhiali colorati o affumicati. Se non avete occhiali, annerite, prima di partire, con un turacciolo bruciato, la pelle dell\u2019occhio, tenendolo chiuso, e tutt\u2019attorno (attenti a non scottarvi!).\u201d<\/p>\n","modified":"2021-07-06T13:52:51","color":"","icon":"","noDetails":false,"noInteraction":false,"zindex":"","imageGallery":[{"src":"https:\/\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/PNS4035-1024x576.jpg","id":3679,"caption":""},{"src":"https:\/\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/PNS4034-1024x575.jpg","id":3676,"caption":""},{"src":"https:\/\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/PNS4033-1024x576.jpg","id":3673,"caption":""},{"src":"https:\/\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/PNS4032-1024x683.jpg","id":3670,"caption":""},{"src":"https:\/\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/PNS4031-1024x576.jpg","id":3667,"caption":""}],"image":"https:\/\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/PNS4030-1024x576.jpg","audio":"https:\/\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/PNS_IT04_0403.mp3","taxonomy":{"webmapp_category":[11]},"accessibility":{"mobility":{"check":false,"description":"","level":"accessible_independently"},"hearing":{"check":false,"description":"","level":"accessible_independently"},"vision":{"check":false,"description":"","level":"accessible_independently"},"cognitive":{"check":false,"description":"","level":"accessible_independently"},"food":{"check":false,"description":""}},"reachability":{"by_bike":{"check":false,"description":""},"on_foot":{"check":false,"description":""},"by_car":{"check":false,"description":""},"by_public_transportation":{"check":false,"description":""}},"locale":"it","source":"https:\/\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/poi\/2592","wp_edit":"http:\/\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=2592&action=edit","translations":{"en":{"id":3317,"name":"PNS0403 Villaggio militare","web":"https:\/\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/\/pns0403-villaggio-militare\/?lang=en","source":"https:\/\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/poi\/3317","description":"
You are now at an altitude of 2890 metres. The ruins you can see around you here made up a system of huts designed to accommodate the Italian troops who guarded the Zebr\u00f9 Sud and Zebr\u00f9 Nord passes above them, from a relatively protected position. The long rows of barbed wire which encircled this military guard post speak volumes of the strategic importance of defending the upper Ced\u00e8c valley at the two points at which it linked to the upper Val Zebr\u00f9. Such large quantities of almost intact barbed wire are now very rare indeed on the former front line because it was almost all cut up and taken down to the valleys in the immediate aftermath of the war by those in search of scrap iron left over from the war to make a little extra money. The slopes and depressions on this side of the valley are high avalanche risk, a risk which had always to be taken into account in this area together with the risk of being hit by enemy fire. Proof of this are the constructions and firing positions for riflemen which were built in dry stone wall in a raised position both because it was especially difficult to carve out the rock or frozen ground to build trenches or because for most of the year the land was covered over with snow. At these altitudes in winter, in addition to the large volumes of snow, soldiers had to cope with extremely adverse climatic conditions and temperatures as low as minus 40.
\nLeafing through the pages of the diaries and memoirs written by those who lived through this experience the impression you get is that the men\u2019s main enemy was a harsh and dominant nature. Many accounts by soldiers and officers report both the bravery demonstrated by the men in battle and the extraordinary beauty of the places they fought in but there are very frequent references to the cold they suffered during their long and frozen watches, their exhaustion after strenuous marches through snow, the difficulties involved in living in small improvised shelters perched on rock faces or dug out of the snow, ice or rock.
\nThe vision of life (and death) that emerges on the two sides is very similar. In mountain warfare it is hard even to imagine what men must have suffered in having to adapt to extreme climates with ultra-low temperatures and copious snow falls in both summer and winter.<\/p>\n
As Giuseppe Albani wrote in his article Contro il freddo in montagna, published in November 1915 in Club Alpino Italiano\u2019s monthly magazine:<\/p>\n
It can certainly be said that the equipment of the guards and advanced troops in high mountain positions in winter […] must undoubtedly have been modelled on those of polar expeditions. Preparation for this equipment in its most important elements was not within the reach of small scale home industry and the material and style of this equipment must have been organised by our provident military authorities […]. The material required was twofold in particular: wool and fur. This latter was not necessarily luxury. The most humble furs sufficed: cats, hares, rabbits and mice.<\/p>\n
Italian soldiers fighting on the White War front were also given a booklet entitled Instruction to Soldiers on How to Combat the Dangers of Cold. We read:<\/p>\n
A flannel wool (never cloth) shirt is indispensable. A wool layer underneath the shirt (in the event of great cold it helps to keep a piece of paper on your chest and one on your back between your shirt and this wool layer rather than next to your skin); a wool hat called balaclava which covers your head, ears and neck, especially well-suited to those who have to stay still for long hours in intense cold […]. If you need to stay at length on the snow in the cold it is essential to combat sleepiness and frostbite energetically, moving continually, walking around, stamping your feet on the ground, slapping your crossed arms against your shoulders, even singing and speaking (except where you have orders to the contrary) and keeping your mind and body awake in every way possible especially when you are left alone for whatever reason […]. If you have to stay for long periods on the snow in the sun (including in fog) keep your eyes hidden from dangerous reflections using coloured or smoked glasses. If you don\u2019t have glasses, before you leave blacken the skin around your eyes, keeping them closed, and all around them (careful not to burn yourself!) with a burnt cork.<\/p>\n","audio":"https:\/\/a.webmapp.it\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/media\/audios\/2592_en.mp3"},"de":{"id":2804,"name":"PNS0403 Villaggio militare","web":"https:\/\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/\/pns0403-villaggio-militare\/?lang=de","source":"https:\/\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/poi\/2804","description":"
Sie befinden sich auf einer H\u00f6he von 2.890 Metern. Bei den umliegenden Ruinen handelt es sich um Baracken f\u00fcr die Unterbringung der italienischen Truppen, die von einer relativ gesch\u00fctzten Stellung aus die dar\u00fcberliegenden P\u00e4sse des s\u00fcdlichen und n\u00f6rdlichen Zebr\u00f9s kontrollierten. Die langen Stacheldrahtabsperrungen um diese Milit\u00e4ranlage zeugen von der strategischen Bedeutung der Verteidigung des Oberen Valle di Ced\u00e8c an den beiden Stellen, wo dieses sich mit dem Hochtal Val Zebr\u00f9 verbindet. Heutzutage ist es ziemlich schwierig, solche weitr\u00e4umigen und intakten Stacheldrahtbarrikaden an der ehemaligen Front zu sehen, denn sie wurden fast alle von den sogenannten \u201crecuperanti\u201d \u2013 den Sammlern – auseinandergeschnitten und ins Tal hinuntergetragen, als diese in den ersten Nachkriegsjahren \u00fcbriggebliebenes Eisenmaterial suchten, um ihr mageres Einkommen aufzurunden. Die H\u00e4nge und Talsenken auf dieser Seite zeichnen sich durch ein erh\u00f6htes Lawinenrisiko aus und wer im Winter in dieser Gegend unterwegs war, musste dieses Risiko ber\u00fccksichtigen, wie auch die M\u00f6glichkeit, von feindlicher Artillerie getroffen zu werden. Zeugnis hiervon sind die Konstruktionen und Stellungen f\u00fcr die Sch\u00fctzen, alle auf dem Gel\u00e4nde aus Trockenmauern errichtet, denn zum einen war es besonders schwierig, Sch\u00fctzengr\u00e4ben in den Felsen oder gefrorenen Boden zu graben, zum anderen war der Boden die meiste Zeit im Jahr \u00fcber von Schnee bedeckt. In dieser H\u00f6he mussten sich die Soldaten im Winter nicht nur mit enormen Schneemengen auseinandersetzen, sondern auch mit extrem widrigen Klimabedingungen sowie Temperaturen die 40 Grad unter null erreichten.
\nBl\u00e4ttert man in den Tageb\u00fcchern und Memoiren all jener, die diese Zeit miterlebten, so hat man den Eindruck, dass der Krieg mehr noch als gegen den Feind vor allem gegen die Gewalt und H\u00e4rte der Natur gef\u00fchrt wurde. In vielen Berichten von Soldaten und Offizieren werden sowohl der Mut der K\u00e4mpfer in den Milit\u00e4raktionen als auch die au\u00dferordentliche Sch\u00f6nheit der Umgebung gepriesen, aber oft wird auch an die K\u00e4lte erinnert, die sie w\u00e4hrend der langen und kalten Wachstunden litten, an die Strapazen der zerm\u00fcrbenden M\u00e4rsche durch den Schnee, an die Schwierigkeiten, in mangelhaften und notd\u00fcrftigen Unterk\u00fcnften zu leben, die zwischen den Felsw\u00e4nden errichtet oder in Schnee, Eis oder Felsen gegraben wurden.
\nAuf beiden Seiten herrschte auch eine \u00e4hnliche Auffassung \u00fcber das Leben und den Tod an der Front; die Kriegserfahrung in den Bergen spiegelt das Leiden dieser M\u00e4nner wider, sich an extreme klimatische Bedingungen anpassen zu m\u00fcssen, bei \u00e4u\u00dferst niedrigen Temperaturen und starken Schneef\u00e4llen sowohl im Sommer als auch im Winter. <\/p>\n
Giuseppe Albani schrieb im Artikel \u201eGegen die K\u00e4lte in den Bergen\u201c, der im November 1915 in der Monatszeitschrift des Italienischen Alpenvereins CAI ver\u00f6ffentlicht wurde:<\/p>\n
Man kann ohne Weiteres behaupten, dass die Ausr\u00fcstung der Wachtposten oder der im Hochgebirge stationierten Truppen im Winter […] sich am Modell der Polarexpeditionen orientieren muss. Die Kapazit\u00e4ten von Klein- und Familienbetrieben sind nicht f\u00fcr die Vorbereitung dieser Ausr\u00fcstung in ihren wichtigsten Teilen geeignet und das Material und die Gattung einer solchen Ausr\u00fcstung muss unseren weitsichtigen Milit\u00e4rbeh\u00f6rden unterstehen […]. Vor allem zwei Materialien werden besonders ben\u00f6tigt: Wolle und Pelz. Dieser muss kein Luxusmaterial darstellen: es gen\u00fcgen auch die einfachsten Felle: Katzen, Hasen, Kaninchen, M\u00e4use. <\/p>\n
An die italienischen Soldaten an der Front des Gebirgskrieges wurde eine Brosch\u00fcre verteilt mit dem Titel: Anweisungen f\u00fcr den Soldaten gegen die Gefahren der K\u00e4lte. Hier lesen wir:<\/p>\n
Unentbehrlich sind wollene Flanellhemden – nie Hemden aus Leinwand!: darunter ein Leibchen aus Wolle; bei gro\u00dfer K\u00e4lte kann es sich als sehr n\u00fctzlich erweisen, ein Zeitungsblatt auf Brust und R\u00fccken zu legen, lieber zwischen Hemd und Leibchen als direkt auf die Haut; die Wollm\u00fctze, Sturmhaube genannt, bedeckt den Kopf, die Ohren und den Hals und ist besonders geeignet f\u00fcr alle, die lange Stunden unbeweglich bei intensiver K\u00e4lte ausharren m\u00fcssen […]. Haltet Ihr Euch lange im Schnee und in der K\u00e4lte auf, m\u00fcsst Ihr unbedingt energisch gegen den Schlaf und Frost ank\u00e4mpfen, indem Ihr Euch fortw\u00e4hrend bewegt, marschiert, mit den F\u00fcssen fest auf den Boden stampft, die Arme kreuzweise \u00fcber die Schultern schl\u00e4gt, dabei auch redet und singt, au\u00dfer im Falle von gegenteiligen Befehlen; kurz: haltet wie auch immer den Geist und den K\u00f6rper wach, vor allem wenn Ihr aus welchem Grund auch immer alleine sein solltet […]. Wer sich lange Zeit im Schnee oder auch im Nebel unter der Sonne aufh\u00e4lt, muss die Augen vor den gef\u00e4hrlichen Lichtreflexen sch\u00fctzen mit gef\u00e4rbten oder mit Ru\u00df angeschw\u00e4rzten Brillengl\u00e4sern. Habt Ihr keine Brille, so schw\u00e4rzt vor dem Abmarsch die Haut der geschlossenen Augen und die Zone um die Augen herum mit einem angebrannten Korken: Achtung, Verbrennungsgefahr!<\/p>\n","audio":"https:\/\/a.webmapp.it\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/media\/audios\/2592_de.mp3"}},"web":"https:\/\/stelvio.wp.webmapp.it\/poi\/pns0403-villaggio-militare\/","addr:street":"","addr:housenumber":"","addr:postcode":"","addr:city":"","contact:phone":"","contact:email":"","opening_hours":"","capacity":"","ele":2890},"geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[10.5612166444671,46.4504769347858]}}